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1 American Association for the Advancement of Science
American Association for the Advancement of Science Amerikanischer Verband m für die Entwicklung der WissenschaftEnglish-German dictionary of Electrical Engineering and Electronics > American Association for the Advancement of Science
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2 American Association for the Advancement of Science
English-german dictionary > American Association for the Advancement of Science
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3 American Association for the Advancement of Science
Американская ассоциация содействия развитию науки
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[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]Тематики
EN
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > American Association for the Advancement of Science
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4 American Association for the Advancement of Science
сокр AAASКрупнейшее в мире научное общество, объединяющее индивидуальных и коллективных членов, включая научные общества и профессиональные организации. Основана в Филадельфии в 1848 в целях содействия улучшению социально-экономического положения работников науки, развития науки и распространения знаний. Издает журнал "Сайенс" [Science] (основан в 1880 при финансовой поддержке Т. Эдисона [ Edison, Thomas Alva]). Объединяет более 134 тыс. индивидуальных членов и 265 компаний и организаций (2004). Штаб-квартира в г. ВашингтонеEnglish-Russian dictionary of regional studies > American Association for the Advancement of Science
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5 American Association for the Advancement of Science
Общая лексика: ААРН, Американская ассоциация содействия развитию наукиУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > American Association for the Advancement of Science
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6 american association for the advancement of science
Англо-русский экономический словарь > american association for the advancement of science
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7 American Association for the Advancement of Science
Англо-русский словарь по исследованиям и ноу-хау > American Association for the Advancement of Science
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8 AAAS American Association for the Advancement of Science
AAAS American Association for the Advancement of Science noun Американскаяассоциация содействия развитию наукиАнгло-русский словарь Мюллера > AAAS American Association for the Advancement of Science
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9 AAAS (American Association for the Advancement of Science)
איגוד אמריקאי לקידום מדעEnglish-Hebrew dictionary > AAAS (American Association for the Advancement of Science)
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10 association
nассоциация, общество, объединение- ALADI- ASEAN
- Association of Retired People
- Association of South East Asian Nations
- bar association
- branch association
- British Association for the Advancement of Learning
- British Association for the Advancement of Science
- building and loan association
- business association
- co-operative association
- economic association
- EFTA
- European Free Trade Association
- IAU
- IDA
- ILA
- industrial association
- intergovernmental associations
- International Association of Universities
- international association
- International Development Association
- International Law Association
- International Sociological Association
- ISA
- LAFTA
- Latin American Free Trade Association
- Latin American Integration Association
- Medical Association
- monopolist association
- monopoly association
- NAM
- National Association of Manufacturers
- national association
- Nobility Association
- political association
- private association
- professional association
- regional economic associations
- regional information associations
- religious association
- self-governing association
- small-scale industry association
- social associations
- Staff Association
- students' association
- trade association
- trade-union association
- transnational association
- US National Student Association
- US NSA
- USSR association for the United Nations
- voluntary association
- working-class association
- World Parliamentary Association
- Y.H.A.
- YMCA
- Young Men's Christian Association
- Young Women's Christian Association
- Youth Hostels Association
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11 Association
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12 AAAS
Американская ассоциация содействия развитию науки -
13 AAAS
1) Общая лексика: hum. сокр. American Association for the Advancement of Science, американская ассоциация содействия развитию науки (American Association for the Advancement of Science)2) Военный термин: advanced aircraft armament system, armored antiaircraft system3) Техника: American Association for Advancement of Science4) Сокращение: American Academy of Arts and Sciences5) Университет: African And African American Studies6) Вычислительная техника: American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (organization, USA) -
14 Henry, Joseph
[br]b. 17 December 1797 Albany, New York, USAd. 13 May 1878 Washington, DC, USA[br]American scientist after whom the unit of inductance is named.[br]Sent to stay with relatives at the age of 6 because of the illness of his father, when the latter died in 1811 Henry was apprenticed to a silversmith and then turned to the stage. Whilst he was ill himself, a book on science fired his interest and he began studying at Albany Academy, working as a tutor to finance his studies. Initially intending to pursue medicine, he then spent some time as a surveyor before becoming Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy at Albany Academy in 1826. There he became interested in the improvement of electromagnets and discovered that the use of an increased number of turns of wire round the core greatly increased their power; by 1831 he was able to supply to Yale a magnet capable of lifting almost a ton weight. During this time he also discovered the principles of magnetic induction and self-inductance. In the same year he made, but did not patent, a cable telegraph system capable of working over a distance of 1 mile (1.6 km). It was at this time, too, that he found that adiabatic expansion of gases led to their sudden cooling, thus paving the way for the development of refrigerators. For this he was recommended for, but never received, the Copley Medal of the Royal Society. Five years later he became Professor of Natural Philosophy at New Jersey College (later Princeton University), where he deduced the laws governing the operation of transformers and observed that changes in magnetic flux induced electric currents in conductors. Later he also observed that spark discharges caused electrical effects at a distance. He therefore came close to the discovery of radio waves. In 1836 he was granted a year's leave of absence and travelled to Europe, where he was able to meet Michael Faraday. It was with his help that in 1844 Samuel Morse set up the first patented electric telegraph, but, sadly, the latter seems to have reaped all the credit and financial rewards. In 1846 he became the first secretary of the Washington Smithsonian Institute and did much to develop government support for scientific research. As a result of his efforts some 500 telegraph stations across the country were equipped with meteorological equipment to supply weather information by telegraph to a central location, a facility that eventually became the US National Weather Bureau. From 1852 he was a member of the Lighthouse Board, contributing to improvements in lighting and sound warning systems and becoming its chairman in 1871. During the Civil War he was a technical advisor to President Lincoln. He was a founder of the National Academy of Science and served as its President for eleven years.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsPresident, American Association for the Advancement of Science 1849. President, National Academy of Science 1893–1904. In 1893, to honour his work on induction, the International Congress of Electricians adopted the henry as the unit of inductance.Bibliography1824. "On the chemical and mechanical effects of steam". 1825. "The production of cold by the rarefaction of air".1832, "On the production of currents \& sparks of electricity \& magnetism", AmericanJournal of Science 22:403."Theory of the so-called imponderables", Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science 6:84.Further ReadingSmithsonian Institution, 1886, Joseph Henry, Scientific Writings, Washington DC.KF -
15 Tuve, Merle Antony
[br]b. 27 June 1901 Canton, South Dakota, USAd. 20 May 1982 Bethesda, Maryland, USA[br]American physicist and geophysicist who developed radio exploration of the ionosphere and made contributions to seismology and atomic physics.[br]After BS and AM degrees from the University of Minnesota, Tuve gained a PhD in physics from Johns Hopkins University in 1926. He then joined the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism at the Carnegie Institute, Washington, DC, where with Breit he established by experiment the existence and characteristics of the ionosphere. He also studied gamma and beta rays, artificial radioactivity and atomic transmutation, verified the existence of the neutron and measured nuclear binding forces. During the Second World War he performed military research, producing a proximity fuse for use against the VI flying bomb. He returned to Carnegie in 1946 as Director of the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, where he remained until 1966, making many contributions to the study of the earth and space.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsAmerican Association for the Advancement of Science Prize for atomic and nuclear research 1931. National Academy of Science 1946. Research Corporation Award 1947. Comstock Prize 1948. National Academy of Science Barnard Medal 1955. Presidential Medal of Merit and Distinguished Service Member of the Carnegie Institute 1966.Bibliography1926, with G.Breit, "A test of the existence of the conducting layer", Physical Review 28:554 (gives an account of the early ionospheric studies).See also: Appleton, Sir Edward VictorKF -
16 Heaviside, Oliver
[br]b. 18 May 1850 London, Englandd. 2 February 1925 Torquay, Devon, England[br]English physicist who correctly predicted the existence of the ionosphere and its ability to reflect radio waves.[br]Brought up in poor, almost Dickensian, circumstances, at the age of 13 years Heaviside, a nephew by marriage of Sir Charles Wheatstone, went to Camden House Grammar School. There he won a medal for science, but he was forced to leave because his parents could not afford the fees. After a year of private study, he began his working life in Newcastle in 1870 as a telegraph operator for an Anglo-Dutch cable company, but he had to give up after only four years because of increasing deafness. He therefore proceeded to spend his time studying theoretical aspects of electrical transmission and communication, and moved to Devon with his parents in 1889. Because the operation of many electrical circuits involves transient phenomena, he found it necessary to develop what he called operational calculus (which was essentially a form of the Laplace transform calculus) in order to determine the response to sudden voltage and current changes. In 1893 he suggested that the distortion that occurred on long-distance telephone lines could be reduced by adding loading coils at regular intervals, thus creating a matched-transmission line. Between 1893 and 1912 he produced a series of writings on electromagnetic theory, in one of which, anticipating a conclusion of Einstein's special theory of relativity, he put forward the idea that the mass of an electric charge increases with its velocity. When it was found that despite the curvature of the earth it was possible to communicate over very great distances using radio signals in the so-called "short" wavebands, Heaviside suggested the presence of a conducting layer in the ionosphere that reflected the waves back to earth. Since a similar suggestion had been made almost at the same time by Arthur Kennelly of Harvard, this layer became known as the Kennelly-Heaviside layer.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1891. Institution of Electrical Engineers Faraday Medal 1924. Honorary PhD Gottingen. Honorary Member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.Bibliography1872. "A method for comparing electro-motive forces", English Mechanic (July).1873. Philosophical Magazine (February) (a paper on the use of the Wheatstone Bridge). 1889, Electromagnetic Waves.1892, Electrical Papers.1893–1912, Electromagnetic Theory.Further ReadingI.Catt (ed.), 1987, Oliver Heaviside, The Man, St Albans: CAM Publishing.P.J.Nahin, 1988, Oliver Heaviside, Sage in Solitude: The Life and Works of an Electrical Genius of the Victorian Age, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, New York.J.B.Hunt, The Maxwellians, Ithaca: Cornell University Press.See also: Appleton, Sir Edward VictorKF -
17 Liebig, Justus von
[br]b. 12 May 1803 Darmstadt, Germanyd. 18 April 1873 Munich, Germany[br]German chemist, pioneer in the training of chemists and in agricultural chemistry.[br]As the son of a pharmacist, Lei big early acquired an interest in chemistry. In 1822 he pursued his chemical studies in Paris under Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (1778–1850), one of the leading chemists of the time. Three years later he became Professor of Chemistry in the small university of Giessen, near Frankfurt, where he remained for over thirty years. It was there that he established his celebrated laboratory for training in practical chemistry. The laboratory itself and the instruction given by Liebig were a model for the training of chemists throughout Europe and a steady stream of well-qualified chemists issued forth from Giessen. It was the supply of well-trained chemists that proved to be the basis for Germany's later success in industrial chemistry. The university now bears Liebig's name, and the laboratory has been preserved as a museum in the same state that it was in after the extensions of 1839. Liebig's many and important researches into chemical theory and organic chemistry lie outside the scope of this Dictionary. From 1840 he turned to the chemistry of living things. In agriculture, he stressed the importance of fertilizers containing potassium and phosphorus, although he underrated the role of nitrogen. Liebig thereby exerted a powerful influence on the movement to provide agriculture with a scientific basis.[br]Further ReadingC.Paoloni, 1968, Justus von Liebig: eine Bibliographie sämtlicher Veröffentlichungen, Heidelberg: Carl Winter (includes a complete list of Liebig's papers and books, published collections of his letters and a list of secondary works about him).A.W.Hofmann, 1876, The Life Work of Liebig (Faraday Lecture), London (a valuable reference).J.R.Partington, 1964, A History of Chemistry, Vol. 4, London (a well-documented account of his work).F.R.Moulton, 1942, Liebig and After Liebig: A Century of Progress in Agricultural Chemistry, Washington, DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science, publication 18 (for Liebig's work in agricultural chemistry).J.B.Morrell, 1972, "The chemist breeders", Ambix 19:1–47 (for information about Liebig's laboratory).LRD -
18 Morgan, Lewis Henry
(1818-1881) Морган, Льюис ГенриЭтнолог, антрополог, выдающийся исследователь первобытного общества. В 1840-х гг. провел фундаментальное исследование родовых и семейных связей и культуры ирокезов, завершив его публикацией книги "Лига ходеносауни, или Ирокезы" ["The League of the Ho-De'-No-Sau-Nee, or Iroquois"] (1851). Значительную часть жизни прожил среди индейцев Северо-Востока страны, был усыновлен племенем сенека, получил индейское имя - Тот, кто служит Мостом. Провел несколько полевых исследований среди племен Запада и Юго-Запада страны, завершившихся работой "Системы кровного и духовного родства в семейных отношениях людей" ["Systems of Consaguinity and Affinity of the Human Family"] (1871). Труд "Древнее общество, или Исследование линий человеческого прогресса от дикости через варварство к цивилизации" ["Ancient Society, or Researches in the Line of Human Progress from Savagery Through Barbarism to Civilization"] (1877) лег в основу книги Ф. Энгельса "Происхождение семьи, частной собственности и государства". Кроме того опубликовал работы "Американский бобр и его работа" ["The American Beaver and His Works"] (1868), "Дом и домашняя жизнь аборигенов Америки" ["Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines"] (1881) и др. Был членом Национальной академии наук, в 1880 стал президентом Американской ассоциации содействия прогрессу науки [ American Association for the Advancement of Science]. В 1959 переизданы его "Индейские дневники" ["Indian Journals"] (1859-62). Вошел в историю страны как "отец американской антропологии"English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Morgan, Lewis Henry
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19 Gibbs, Oliver Wolcott
(1822-1908) Гиббс, Оливер УолкоттХимик. В 1863 получил пост Румфордовского профессора [Rumford chair of science] Гарвардского университета [ Harvard University]. Одновременно работал в Научной школе Лоренса, где создал хорошо оснащенную химическую лабораторию. Положил начало современным химическим исследованиям в США, в частности, в области спектроскопии, изучал влияние различных веществ на живой организм. Работал в области химии кобальта, платины и других редких металлов. С 1895 по 1900 был президентом Национальной академии наук [ National Academy of Sciences], а с 1897 - президентом Американской ассоциации содействия науке [American Association for the Advancement of Science]English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Gibbs, Oliver Wolcott
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20 Morley, Edward Williams
(1838-1923) Морли, Эдуард УильямсХимик и физик. В 1860 окончил Колледж Уильямса, в 1861-64 учился в Андоверской теологической семинарии, но священником не стал. В 1869 начал преподавание в Колледже западного резерва в г. Хадсоне, шт. Огайо (позднее ставший Университетом западного резерва [ Western Reserve University] в г. Кливленде, шт. Огайо). В 1869-1906 профессор естественной истории и химии этого университета. Исследовал зависимость количества кислорода в воздухе на уровне моря от атмосферного давления (гипотеза Лумиса-Морли). Автор более 50 научных трудов, каждый из которых основывался на оригинальной экспериментальной методике и сопровождался строгим количественным анализом. За год до появления теории относительности А. Эйнштейна [ Einstein, Albert] совместно с Д. Миллером получил экспериментальные результаты измерения скорости движения земли "в эфире" и скорости света, которые могли быть объяснены только на основе теории относительности. Президент Американской ассоциации содействия развитию науки [ American Association for the Advancement of Science] (с 1895) и президент Американского химического общества [American Chemical Society] (с 1899)English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Morley, Edward Williams
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